C# - Data Types

C# is a strongly-typed language. It means we must declare the type of a variable that indicates the kind of values it is going to store, such as integer, float, decimal, text, etc.

The following declares and initialized variables of different data types.

string stringVar = "Hello World!!";
int intVar = 100;
float floatVar = 10.2f;
char charVar = 'A';
bool boolVar = true;

C# mainly categorized data types in two types: Value types and Reference types. Value types include simple types (such as int, float, bool, and char), enum types, struct types, and Nullable value types. Reference types include class types, interface types, delegate types, and array types. Learn about value types and reference types in detail in the next chapter.

Predefined Data Types in C#

C# includes some predefined value types and reference types. The following table lists predefined data types:

As you can see in the above table that each data type (except string and object) includes value range. The compiler will give an error if the value goes out of datatype's permitted range. For example, int data type's range is -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. So if you assign a value which is not in this range, then the compiler would give an error.

// compile time error: Cannot implicitly convert type 'long' to 'int'.
int i = 21474836470; 

The value of unsigned integers, long, float, double, and decimal type must be suffix by u,l,f,d, and m, respectively.

uint ui = 100u;
float fl = 10.2f;
long l = 45755452222222l;
ulong ul = 45755452222222ul;
double d = 11452222.555d;
decimal mon = 1000.15m;

Alias vs .NET Type

The predefined data types are alias to their .NET type (CLR class) name. The following table lists alias for predefined data types and related .NET class name.

It means that whether you define a variable of int or Int32, both are the same.

int i = 345;
Int32 i = 345;// same as above 

Default Values

Every data type has a default value. Numeric type is 0, boolean has false, and char has '\0' as default value. Use the default(typename) to assign a default value of the data type or C# 7.1 onward, use default literal.

int i = default(int); // 0
float f = default(float);// 0
decimal d = default(decimal);// 0
bool b = default(bool);// false
char c = default(char);// '\0'

// C# 7.1 onwards
int i = default; // 0
float f = default;// 0
decimal d = default;// 0
bool b = default;// false
char c = default;// '\0'

Conversions

The values of certain data types are automatically converted to different data types in C#. This is called an implicit conversion.

int i = 345;
float f = i;

Console.WriteLine(f); //output: 345

In the above example, the value of an integer variable i is assigned to the variable of float type f because this conversion operation is predefined in C#.

The following is an implicit data type conversion table.

Conversions from int, uint, long, or ulong to float and from long or ulong to double may cause a loss of precision. No data type implicitly converted to the char type.

However, not all data types are implicitly converted to other data types. For example, int type cannot be converted to uint implicitly. It must be specified explicitly, as shown below.

public static void Main()
{
    int i = 100;
    uint u = (uint) i;
    Console.Write(i);
}

In the above example, integer i is converted to uint explicitly by specifying uint in the brackets (uint). This will convert an integer to uint.